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May 14 Observing Guide
- Neill
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10 years 7 months ago #100579
by Neill
May 14 Observing Guide was created by Neill
Hi all,
May's guide is below. Enjoy.
OBSERVING GUIDE
(Please note all times are ST and are based on an observing location of Belfast and covers the month of May)
The Sun
At the start of the month, the Sun rises at 05:50 and sets at 21:00. By month's end, it rises at 05:00 and sets at 21:50.
The Planets
Mercury is at greatest eastern elongation on the 25th and visible in the evening sky after the first week of the month. On the 7th, it lies 3° S of M45 - The Pleiades and on the 21st, it lies 3° S of Elnath (Beta (β) Tauri, mag +1.7). By month's end, it sets at 23:30 and fades from mag -1.2 on the 7th to mag +0.5 on the 25th to mag +1.2 by month's end.
Venus is a morning object during the month. At start of the month, it rises at 04:55 and by month's end, it rises at 03:55. It fades from mag -4.1 to mag -4.0 during the month.
Mars is visible in the evening sky in Virgo this month. During the month, it rises during daylight hours and sets at 03:10 by month's end. It fades from mag -1.2 to mag -0.5 during the month.
Jupiter is visible in the evening sky in Gemini this month. During the month, it rises during daylight hours and sets at 00:35 by month's end. It fades from mag -2.0 to mag -1.9 during the month.
Saturn is at opposition on the 10th and is visible in the evening sky in Libra. It rises at 21:35 at the start of the month and during daylight hours by month's end. It fades from mag +0.1 to mag +0.2 during the month.
Uranus is not readily visible this month.
Neptune is at western quadrature on the 29th and is visible in the morning sky in Aquarius this month. By month's end, it rises at 02:25 and is mag +7.9.
The Moon
The first quarter moon is on the 7th with the full moon on the 14th and the last quarter moon on the 21st. The new moon is on the 28th.
On the evening of the 1st, the waxing crescent moon lies 5° to the N of Aldebaran (Alpha (α) Tauri, mag +0.9) at around 22:00.
On the evenings of the 3rd and 4th, the waxing crescent moon lies near to Jupiter. On the 3rd, it lies to the SW of the planet and on the 4th, it lies 7° to the SE of it. On both evenings, look at around 23:00.
On the evenings of the 7th and 8th, the waxing gibbous moon lies near to Regulus (Alpha (α) Leonis, mag +1.4). On the 7th, it lies to the SW of the star and on the 8th; it lies to the SE of it. On both evenings, look at around 23:00.
On the evenings of the 10th and 11th, the waxing gibbous moon lies near to Mars. On the 10th, it lies 8° to the SW of the planet and on the 11th; it lies to the SE of it. Also on the 11th, the moon lies 8° to the W of Spica (Alpha (α) Virginis, mag +1.0). On the following evening, it lies 5° to the E of the star. On all evenings, look at around 23:00.
On the evenings of the 13th and 14th, the moon lies near to Saturn. On the 13th, the waxing gibbous moon lies 7° to the NW of the planet and on the 14th, the waning gibbous moon lies 7° to the SE of it. On both evenings, look at around midnight.
On the morning of the 16th, the waning gibbous moon lies to the NE of Antares (Alpha (α) Scorpii, mag +1.0) at around 01:00.
On the mornings of the 25th and 26th, the waning crescent moon lies near to Venus. On the 25th, it lies 6° to the NW of the planet and on the 26th, it lies 7° to the E of it. On both mornings, look at around 05:00.
On the evening of the 30th, the waxing crescent moon lies to the SE of Mercury at around 22:00.
On the evening of the 31st, the waxing crescent moon lies to the S of Jupiter at around 22:00.
Meteors
The best time to observe meteor showers is when the moon is below the horizon; otherwise its bright glare limits the number you will see especially the fainter ones. Below is a guide to this month's showers.
The Eta Aquarids peak on the morning of the 6th. The ZHR predictions for this shower are around 40. However given that the radiant only rises at 04:00 in the morning twilight and will be very low, a much lower rate should be expected. The observing window is very short with sunrise at 05:35.
The "Camelopardalids" are predicted to peak on the morning of the 24th at 08:40 with a ZHR of 300. This is an unobserved and as yet unnamed shower and the above predictions are based on the modelling of the debris trails of comet 209P/ Linear. The radiant is in Camelopardalis, hence the name! and is circumpolar. A waning crescent moon rises at 03:15 in Pisces on the morning of the 24th, but should not interfere too much. The major issue for observers here is that the predicted peak is after sunrise and that we will miss the main part of the action. We may however see a few of the early ones!
There are additional minor showers this month, details of which can be found at meteorshowersonline.com/calendar.html or www.imo.net/calendar/2014
Asteroids
Asteroid (9) Metis is at opposition during daylight hours on the 15th at mag +9.6 in Libra and is visible from 23:00 on the evenings of the 14th and 15th.
Finder charts and further information about other fainter asteroids can be found at; britastro.org/computing/charts_asteroid.html in the source list below.
Comets
C/2012 K1 (Panstarrs) is currently mag +10 and brightening as the year progresses. In May, it's in Ursa Major. It is circumpolar during the month meaning that it is visible all night, getting higher in the sky as the night progresses. At the start of the month, it lies 2° to the N of M51 and also lies near to Alkaid (Eta (η) Ursae Majoris, mag +1.9). By the 11th and 12th, it lies near to 3 Canum Venaticorum, mag +5.3 and also lies 2° to the N of M106. On the 17th and 18th, it lies near to Alkafzah (Chi (χ) Ursae Majoris, mag +3.7) and by month's end, lies near to Omega (ω) Ursae Majoris, mag +4.7.
Finder charts and further information about other fainter comets can be found at www.aerith.net , cometchasing.skyhound.com , www.ast.cam.ac.uk/%7Ejds/ , in-the-sky.org , kometen.fg-vds.de/fgk_hpe.htm, www.nightskyhunter.com/index.html and www.rasnz.org.nz in the source list below. Any above estimates for predicting a comet's brightness/status are based on current information at the time of writing the guide and the comet may be brighter/dimmer than the above predictions or may no longer be intact to observe.
Deep Sky
On the deep sky front this month, galaxies M81 and M82 can be observed in Ursa Major. In Leo, we have several galaxies on view including The Leo Triplet - M65, M66 and NGC 3628. M95, M96 and M105 can also be observed in Leo. The place to really find galaxies is in Virgo. The Virgo Super Cluster can be found here with numerous galaxies on view. Also in Virgo, M104 - the Sombrero Galaxy can be found. In Coma Berenices, there is M64 - the Black-Eye Galaxy. Also check out the constellation Canes Venatici with the globular cluster - M3 and several galaxies including M51 - the Whirlpool Galaxy and M63 - the Sunflower Galaxy. In Hercules, two globular clusters - M92 and the excellent M13 can be observed and in Lyra - M57 - The Ring Nebula can be observed. Finally there are some excellent open clusters in Cancer - M44 - The Beehive Cluster and M67
General Notes
Always keep an eye out for Aurorae. The night sky does not get fully dark this month. Between May and the middle of August, Astronomical twilight is present at night. This is when the sun is between twelve and eighteen degrees below the horizon. This time of year is very good for observing the numerous satellites and other objects in orbit above us.
Watch out for NLCs - Noctilucent Clouds during May. They are mostly visible between the Northern latitudes of 50 to 65 degrees. Look to the North-West for a white/silvery glow with the best times between 22:30 and Midnight and between 02:00 and 03:30. They can sometimes be faint, sometimes bright. Other interesting naked eye phenomena to look out for include the Zodiacal Light and the Gegenschein. Both are caused by sunlight reflecting off dust particles which are present in the solar system.
The Zodiacal Light can be seen in the West after evening twilight has disappeared or in the East before the morning twilight. The best time of year to see the phenomenon is late-Feb to early-April in the evening sky and September/October in the morning sky - it's then that the ecliptic, along which the cone of the zodiacal light lies, is steepest in our skies. The Gegenschein can be seen in the area of the sky opposite the sun. To view either, you must get yourself to a very dark site to cut out the light pollution. When trying to observe either of these phenomena, it is best to do so when the moon is below the horizon. A new appendix has been added explaining some of the more technical terms used in the guide.
Clear Skies
Neill McKeown
Information Sources Used and Links
www.skyviewcafe.com ; Sky at Night Magazine Observing Guide and CD; www.aerith.net ; cometchasing.skyhound.com ; www.ast.cam.ac.uk/%7Ejds/ ; kometen.fg-vds.de/fgk_hpe.htm ; www.rasnz.org.nz ; Stardust Magazine; britastro.org/computing/charts_asteroid.html ; in-the-sky.org ; www.nightskyhunter.com/index.html www.eagleseye.me.uk/Sky/Wordpress/;http:...meris/ephemeris.html ; eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/cgi-bin/koyomi/cande/phenomena_en.cgi ;
Philip's Stargazing 2014; Patrick Moore's 2014 Yearbook of Astronomy; www.heavens-above.com ; www.spaceweather.com ;meteorshowersonline.com/calendar.html ; www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/ ; www.imo.net/calendar/2014 - International Meteor Organisation; messier.seds.org/ - The Messier Catalogue website; www.seds.org/messier/xtra/ngc/ngc.html - NGC Catalogue website; www.irishastronomy.org - Irish Federation of Astronomy Societies Website; irishastro.org.uk/- Irish Astronomical Association website; www.eaas.co.uk - Northern Ireland Amateur Astronomy Society;
Appendix
The ZHR or Zenithal Hourly Rate is the number of meteors an observer would see in one hour under a clear, dark sky with a limiting apparent magnitude of 6.5 and if the radiant of the shower were in the zenith. The rate that can effectively be seen is nearly always lower and decreases as the radiant is closer to the horizon. The Zenith is the overhead point in the sky.
The radiant is the point in the sky, from which (to a planetary observer) meteors appear to originate, i.e. the Perseids, for example, are meteors which appear to come from a point within the constellation of Perseus. When the radiant is quoted as "circumpolar", it is never below the horizon and visible all night, otherwise the times quoted are when the constellation in which the radiant lies rises above the horizon in the East.
A fireball is defined by the International Astronomical Union as a meteor brighter than any of the planets, i.e. magnitude -4 or brighter. The International Meteor Organisation alternatively defines it as a meteor which would have a magnitude of -3 or brighter at the zenith.
The ° symbol in the guide is that for degrees. A degree is two full moon widths to give an idea for judging any distances quoted in the guide. There are 60 arcminutes in a degree.
An asterism is a collection of stars seen in Earth's sky which form simple patterns which are easy to identify, i.e. the Big Dipper. They can be formed from stars within the same constellation or by stars from more than one constellation. Like the constellations, they are a line of sight phenomenon and the stars whilst visible in the same general direction, are not physically related and are often at significantly different distances from Earth.
Mag is short for magnitude which is the measure of an object's brightness. The smaller the number, the brighter the object. The brightest object in the sky is the Sun at mag -26, the full moon is mag -12 and Venus the brightest planet is mag -4. The brightest stars are mag -1. If there is a 1 mag difference between two objects - there is a difference in brightness of a factor of 2.5 between the two objects. For example the full moon is eight magnitudes brighter than Venus on average which means it is 1,526 times brighter than Venus. Objects down to mag +6 can be seen with the naked eye under very dark skies.
Local time is always quoted in the guide and this means for November - February - universal time (UT)/GMT is used and for April to September - daylight savings time (DST, = GMT+1). For the months of March and October when the clocks go forward/back respectively, both times will be used and attention should be paid to any times at the end of these months for that change.
Deep Sky Objects such as galaxies, nebulae and star clusters are classified in catalogues such as the Messier catalogue for objects like M44 - M for Messier. Another example of a catalogue would the New General catalogue whose objects have the prefix NGC. There are links for websites to both catalogues in the section above.
Perihelion is the point in the orbit of a planet, asteroid or comet where it is at the nearest point in its orbit to the sun. It is the opposite of Aphelion, which is when the object is at the farthest point in its orbit from the sun. For the earth, the comparative terms used are perigee and apogee and for the moon, pericynthion and apocynthion are sometimes used.
The Planets
From Earth - Mercury and Venus are the inner planets in the solar system and Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are the outer planets. Below is a short guide as to how both the inner and outer planets move around the sun. The above pictorial guide should hopefully help in this.
The Inner Planets
These are best seen when at Greatest Eastern/Western elongation and are not visible when at either Inferior/Superior conjunction. Greatest Eastern elongation is when the inner planet is at its furthest point east from the sun as seen from Earth and visible in the evening sky in the West after sunset, Western elongation is when it's at its furthest point west from the sun as seen from Earth and visible in the morning sky in the East before sunset. Inferior conjunction occurs when the inner planet is between the Sun and the Earth. Superior conjunction occurs when the inner planet is on the other side of the Sun as seen from Earth.
From our Northerly latitudes, the ecliptic, along which the planets move, lies at a very shallow angle to the horizon after sunset in the autumn and before sunrise in the spring. This means that any of the planets will be difficult to see when fairly close to the Sun in the evening sky in the autumn or in the morning sky in the spring. In particular, Mercury is more or less invisible from here when at Eastern elongation in the autumn or at Western elongation in the spring, because it lies so close to the horizon and is never above the horizon except in daylight or bright twilight.
The normal cycle for an inner planet is Superior Conjunction - Greatest Eastern Elongation - Inferior Conjunction - Greatest Western Elongation - Superior Conjunction. After superior conjunction, the planet moves away from the Sun as seen from Earth and becomes visible in the evening sky after a period of time. It then moves past the point of Greatest Eastern Elongation and moves back towards the Sun as seen from Earth until a point when it is not visible and at Inferior Conjunction. After this the planet appears in the morning sky for a time, before again slipping into the Sun's glare as seen from Earth. The duration of this cycle will depend on the planet's closeness to the Sun, i.e. Mercury completes the above cycle in around 4 months.
The Outer Planets
These are best seen when at opposition and are not visible when at conjunction. Opposition occurs when the earth is between the sun and the outer planet. It is the best time to observe them because the planet is visible all through the night and it is due South and at its highest at about midnight. The planet is also at its closest point in its orbit to Earth - making it appear brighter. Conjunction occurs when the outer planet is on the other side of the Sun as seen from Earth.
If the planet is at or near it furthest point South along the ecliptic, then it won't get very high in the sky even at opposition - just as the Sun never gets high in the sky in midwinter. This happens when opposition occurs near midsummer when the planet is opposite the Sun in the sky and in midsummer the Sun is high, so the planet will be low. The opposite of course applies in winter.
The normal cycle for an outer planet is Conjunction - Western Quadrature - Opposition - Eastern Quadrature - Conjunction. After conjunction, the planet moves away from the Sun as seen from Earth and becomes visible again. The planet from this point on rises earlier and earlier in the morning sky and eventually becomes visible in the evening sky. At Western Quadrature it is at its highest at sunrise and by opposition it is in the same position by midnight. By Eastern Quadrature, it is past its best and is at its highest at sunset, meaning it is rising in daytime and setting earlier and earlier until a point when it sets too close to the Sun as seen from Earth and is no longer visible. The duration of this cycle will depend on the planet's closeness to the Sun, i.e. Jupiter completes the above cycle in around 13-14 months.
May's guide is below. Enjoy.
OBSERVING GUIDE
(Please note all times are ST and are based on an observing location of Belfast and covers the month of May)
The Sun
At the start of the month, the Sun rises at 05:50 and sets at 21:00. By month's end, it rises at 05:00 and sets at 21:50.
The Planets
Mercury is at greatest eastern elongation on the 25th and visible in the evening sky after the first week of the month. On the 7th, it lies 3° S of M45 - The Pleiades and on the 21st, it lies 3° S of Elnath (Beta (β) Tauri, mag +1.7). By month's end, it sets at 23:30 and fades from mag -1.2 on the 7th to mag +0.5 on the 25th to mag +1.2 by month's end.
Venus is a morning object during the month. At start of the month, it rises at 04:55 and by month's end, it rises at 03:55. It fades from mag -4.1 to mag -4.0 during the month.
Mars is visible in the evening sky in Virgo this month. During the month, it rises during daylight hours and sets at 03:10 by month's end. It fades from mag -1.2 to mag -0.5 during the month.
Jupiter is visible in the evening sky in Gemini this month. During the month, it rises during daylight hours and sets at 00:35 by month's end. It fades from mag -2.0 to mag -1.9 during the month.
Saturn is at opposition on the 10th and is visible in the evening sky in Libra. It rises at 21:35 at the start of the month and during daylight hours by month's end. It fades from mag +0.1 to mag +0.2 during the month.
Uranus is not readily visible this month.
Neptune is at western quadrature on the 29th and is visible in the morning sky in Aquarius this month. By month's end, it rises at 02:25 and is mag +7.9.
The Moon
The first quarter moon is on the 7th with the full moon on the 14th and the last quarter moon on the 21st. The new moon is on the 28th.
On the evening of the 1st, the waxing crescent moon lies 5° to the N of Aldebaran (Alpha (α) Tauri, mag +0.9) at around 22:00.
On the evenings of the 3rd and 4th, the waxing crescent moon lies near to Jupiter. On the 3rd, it lies to the SW of the planet and on the 4th, it lies 7° to the SE of it. On both evenings, look at around 23:00.
On the evenings of the 7th and 8th, the waxing gibbous moon lies near to Regulus (Alpha (α) Leonis, mag +1.4). On the 7th, it lies to the SW of the star and on the 8th; it lies to the SE of it. On both evenings, look at around 23:00.
On the evenings of the 10th and 11th, the waxing gibbous moon lies near to Mars. On the 10th, it lies 8° to the SW of the planet and on the 11th; it lies to the SE of it. Also on the 11th, the moon lies 8° to the W of Spica (Alpha (α) Virginis, mag +1.0). On the following evening, it lies 5° to the E of the star. On all evenings, look at around 23:00.
On the evenings of the 13th and 14th, the moon lies near to Saturn. On the 13th, the waxing gibbous moon lies 7° to the NW of the planet and on the 14th, the waning gibbous moon lies 7° to the SE of it. On both evenings, look at around midnight.
On the morning of the 16th, the waning gibbous moon lies to the NE of Antares (Alpha (α) Scorpii, mag +1.0) at around 01:00.
On the mornings of the 25th and 26th, the waning crescent moon lies near to Venus. On the 25th, it lies 6° to the NW of the planet and on the 26th, it lies 7° to the E of it. On both mornings, look at around 05:00.
On the evening of the 30th, the waxing crescent moon lies to the SE of Mercury at around 22:00.
On the evening of the 31st, the waxing crescent moon lies to the S of Jupiter at around 22:00.
Meteors
The best time to observe meteor showers is when the moon is below the horizon; otherwise its bright glare limits the number you will see especially the fainter ones. Below is a guide to this month's showers.
The Eta Aquarids peak on the morning of the 6th. The ZHR predictions for this shower are around 40. However given that the radiant only rises at 04:00 in the morning twilight and will be very low, a much lower rate should be expected. The observing window is very short with sunrise at 05:35.
The "Camelopardalids" are predicted to peak on the morning of the 24th at 08:40 with a ZHR of 300. This is an unobserved and as yet unnamed shower and the above predictions are based on the modelling of the debris trails of comet 209P/ Linear. The radiant is in Camelopardalis, hence the name! and is circumpolar. A waning crescent moon rises at 03:15 in Pisces on the morning of the 24th, but should not interfere too much. The major issue for observers here is that the predicted peak is after sunrise and that we will miss the main part of the action. We may however see a few of the early ones!
There are additional minor showers this month, details of which can be found at meteorshowersonline.com/calendar.html or www.imo.net/calendar/2014
Asteroids
Asteroid (9) Metis is at opposition during daylight hours on the 15th at mag +9.6 in Libra and is visible from 23:00 on the evenings of the 14th and 15th.
Finder charts and further information about other fainter asteroids can be found at; britastro.org/computing/charts_asteroid.html in the source list below.
Comets
C/2012 K1 (Panstarrs) is currently mag +10 and brightening as the year progresses. In May, it's in Ursa Major. It is circumpolar during the month meaning that it is visible all night, getting higher in the sky as the night progresses. At the start of the month, it lies 2° to the N of M51 and also lies near to Alkaid (Eta (η) Ursae Majoris, mag +1.9). By the 11th and 12th, it lies near to 3 Canum Venaticorum, mag +5.3 and also lies 2° to the N of M106. On the 17th and 18th, it lies near to Alkafzah (Chi (χ) Ursae Majoris, mag +3.7) and by month's end, lies near to Omega (ω) Ursae Majoris, mag +4.7.
Finder charts and further information about other fainter comets can be found at www.aerith.net , cometchasing.skyhound.com , www.ast.cam.ac.uk/%7Ejds/ , in-the-sky.org , kometen.fg-vds.de/fgk_hpe.htm, www.nightskyhunter.com/index.html and www.rasnz.org.nz in the source list below. Any above estimates for predicting a comet's brightness/status are based on current information at the time of writing the guide and the comet may be brighter/dimmer than the above predictions or may no longer be intact to observe.
Deep Sky
On the deep sky front this month, galaxies M81 and M82 can be observed in Ursa Major. In Leo, we have several galaxies on view including The Leo Triplet - M65, M66 and NGC 3628. M95, M96 and M105 can also be observed in Leo. The place to really find galaxies is in Virgo. The Virgo Super Cluster can be found here with numerous galaxies on view. Also in Virgo, M104 - the Sombrero Galaxy can be found. In Coma Berenices, there is M64 - the Black-Eye Galaxy. Also check out the constellation Canes Venatici with the globular cluster - M3 and several galaxies including M51 - the Whirlpool Galaxy and M63 - the Sunflower Galaxy. In Hercules, two globular clusters - M92 and the excellent M13 can be observed and in Lyra - M57 - The Ring Nebula can be observed. Finally there are some excellent open clusters in Cancer - M44 - The Beehive Cluster and M67
General Notes
Always keep an eye out for Aurorae. The night sky does not get fully dark this month. Between May and the middle of August, Astronomical twilight is present at night. This is when the sun is between twelve and eighteen degrees below the horizon. This time of year is very good for observing the numerous satellites and other objects in orbit above us.
Watch out for NLCs - Noctilucent Clouds during May. They are mostly visible between the Northern latitudes of 50 to 65 degrees. Look to the North-West for a white/silvery glow with the best times between 22:30 and Midnight and between 02:00 and 03:30. They can sometimes be faint, sometimes bright. Other interesting naked eye phenomena to look out for include the Zodiacal Light and the Gegenschein. Both are caused by sunlight reflecting off dust particles which are present in the solar system.
The Zodiacal Light can be seen in the West after evening twilight has disappeared or in the East before the morning twilight. The best time of year to see the phenomenon is late-Feb to early-April in the evening sky and September/October in the morning sky - it's then that the ecliptic, along which the cone of the zodiacal light lies, is steepest in our skies. The Gegenschein can be seen in the area of the sky opposite the sun. To view either, you must get yourself to a very dark site to cut out the light pollution. When trying to observe either of these phenomena, it is best to do so when the moon is below the horizon. A new appendix has been added explaining some of the more technical terms used in the guide.
Clear Skies
Neill McKeown
Information Sources Used and Links
www.skyviewcafe.com ; Sky at Night Magazine Observing Guide and CD; www.aerith.net ; cometchasing.skyhound.com ; www.ast.cam.ac.uk/%7Ejds/ ; kometen.fg-vds.de/fgk_hpe.htm ; www.rasnz.org.nz ; Stardust Magazine; britastro.org/computing/charts_asteroid.html ; in-the-sky.org ; www.nightskyhunter.com/index.html www.eagleseye.me.uk/Sky/Wordpress/;http:...meris/ephemeris.html ; eco.mtk.nao.ac.jp/cgi-bin/koyomi/cande/phenomena_en.cgi ;
Philip's Stargazing 2014; Patrick Moore's 2014 Yearbook of Astronomy; www.heavens-above.com ; www.spaceweather.com ;meteorshowersonline.com/calendar.html ; www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/ ; www.imo.net/calendar/2014 - International Meteor Organisation; messier.seds.org/ - The Messier Catalogue website; www.seds.org/messier/xtra/ngc/ngc.html - NGC Catalogue website; www.irishastronomy.org - Irish Federation of Astronomy Societies Website; irishastro.org.uk/- Irish Astronomical Association website; www.eaas.co.uk - Northern Ireland Amateur Astronomy Society;
Appendix
The ZHR or Zenithal Hourly Rate is the number of meteors an observer would see in one hour under a clear, dark sky with a limiting apparent magnitude of 6.5 and if the radiant of the shower were in the zenith. The rate that can effectively be seen is nearly always lower and decreases as the radiant is closer to the horizon. The Zenith is the overhead point in the sky.
The radiant is the point in the sky, from which (to a planetary observer) meteors appear to originate, i.e. the Perseids, for example, are meteors which appear to come from a point within the constellation of Perseus. When the radiant is quoted as "circumpolar", it is never below the horizon and visible all night, otherwise the times quoted are when the constellation in which the radiant lies rises above the horizon in the East.
A fireball is defined by the International Astronomical Union as a meteor brighter than any of the planets, i.e. magnitude -4 or brighter. The International Meteor Organisation alternatively defines it as a meteor which would have a magnitude of -3 or brighter at the zenith.
The ° symbol in the guide is that for degrees. A degree is two full moon widths to give an idea for judging any distances quoted in the guide. There are 60 arcminutes in a degree.
An asterism is a collection of stars seen in Earth's sky which form simple patterns which are easy to identify, i.e. the Big Dipper. They can be formed from stars within the same constellation or by stars from more than one constellation. Like the constellations, they are a line of sight phenomenon and the stars whilst visible in the same general direction, are not physically related and are often at significantly different distances from Earth.
Mag is short for magnitude which is the measure of an object's brightness. The smaller the number, the brighter the object. The brightest object in the sky is the Sun at mag -26, the full moon is mag -12 and Venus the brightest planet is mag -4. The brightest stars are mag -1. If there is a 1 mag difference between two objects - there is a difference in brightness of a factor of 2.5 between the two objects. For example the full moon is eight magnitudes brighter than Venus on average which means it is 1,526 times brighter than Venus. Objects down to mag +6 can be seen with the naked eye under very dark skies.
Local time is always quoted in the guide and this means for November - February - universal time (UT)/GMT is used and for April to September - daylight savings time (DST, = GMT+1). For the months of March and October when the clocks go forward/back respectively, both times will be used and attention should be paid to any times at the end of these months for that change.
Deep Sky Objects such as galaxies, nebulae and star clusters are classified in catalogues such as the Messier catalogue for objects like M44 - M for Messier. Another example of a catalogue would the New General catalogue whose objects have the prefix NGC. There are links for websites to both catalogues in the section above.
Perihelion is the point in the orbit of a planet, asteroid or comet where it is at the nearest point in its orbit to the sun. It is the opposite of Aphelion, which is when the object is at the farthest point in its orbit from the sun. For the earth, the comparative terms used are perigee and apogee and for the moon, pericynthion and apocynthion are sometimes used.
The Planets
From Earth - Mercury and Venus are the inner planets in the solar system and Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are the outer planets. Below is a short guide as to how both the inner and outer planets move around the sun. The above pictorial guide should hopefully help in this.
The Inner Planets
These are best seen when at Greatest Eastern/Western elongation and are not visible when at either Inferior/Superior conjunction. Greatest Eastern elongation is when the inner planet is at its furthest point east from the sun as seen from Earth and visible in the evening sky in the West after sunset, Western elongation is when it's at its furthest point west from the sun as seen from Earth and visible in the morning sky in the East before sunset. Inferior conjunction occurs when the inner planet is between the Sun and the Earth. Superior conjunction occurs when the inner planet is on the other side of the Sun as seen from Earth.
From our Northerly latitudes, the ecliptic, along which the planets move, lies at a very shallow angle to the horizon after sunset in the autumn and before sunrise in the spring. This means that any of the planets will be difficult to see when fairly close to the Sun in the evening sky in the autumn or in the morning sky in the spring. In particular, Mercury is more or less invisible from here when at Eastern elongation in the autumn or at Western elongation in the spring, because it lies so close to the horizon and is never above the horizon except in daylight or bright twilight.
The normal cycle for an inner planet is Superior Conjunction - Greatest Eastern Elongation - Inferior Conjunction - Greatest Western Elongation - Superior Conjunction. After superior conjunction, the planet moves away from the Sun as seen from Earth and becomes visible in the evening sky after a period of time. It then moves past the point of Greatest Eastern Elongation and moves back towards the Sun as seen from Earth until a point when it is not visible and at Inferior Conjunction. After this the planet appears in the morning sky for a time, before again slipping into the Sun's glare as seen from Earth. The duration of this cycle will depend on the planet's closeness to the Sun, i.e. Mercury completes the above cycle in around 4 months.
The Outer Planets
These are best seen when at opposition and are not visible when at conjunction. Opposition occurs when the earth is between the sun and the outer planet. It is the best time to observe them because the planet is visible all through the night and it is due South and at its highest at about midnight. The planet is also at its closest point in its orbit to Earth - making it appear brighter. Conjunction occurs when the outer planet is on the other side of the Sun as seen from Earth.
If the planet is at or near it furthest point South along the ecliptic, then it won't get very high in the sky even at opposition - just as the Sun never gets high in the sky in midwinter. This happens when opposition occurs near midsummer when the planet is opposite the Sun in the sky and in midsummer the Sun is high, so the planet will be low. The opposite of course applies in winter.
The normal cycle for an outer planet is Conjunction - Western Quadrature - Opposition - Eastern Quadrature - Conjunction. After conjunction, the planet moves away from the Sun as seen from Earth and becomes visible again. The planet from this point on rises earlier and earlier in the morning sky and eventually becomes visible in the evening sky. At Western Quadrature it is at its highest at sunrise and by opposition it is in the same position by midnight. By Eastern Quadrature, it is past its best and is at its highest at sunset, meaning it is rising in daytime and setting earlier and earlier until a point when it sets too close to the Sun as seen from Earth and is no longer visible. The duration of this cycle will depend on the planet's closeness to the Sun, i.e. Jupiter completes the above cycle in around 13-14 months.
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